| چکیده انگلیسی مقاله |
During the Safavid power, Kerman was ruled by Ganjalikhan, the commander and governor of Shah Abbas I, was one of the largest provinces of Iran and the province included a wide area from the center and southeast and east coasts of Iran / Persia to Kandahar. The vastness of the territory, placed in to the centers of political developments and crises in the east of the country, added to the geopolitical importance of Kerman in the Safavid kingdom. Changing land tenure policy, the decline of Kerman's political, economic and border authority began. This province was the first centre of attention of the Afghan sedition and Mahmoud Khan Hotaki from the east of Persia. This article tries to answer these questions based on the historical research method in explaining and analysing the data while analysing the effective factors in the political and security developments of Kerman: what were the economic and political causes of the Kerman crises? What was the role of Kerman and the southeast commercial route in the decline of the Safavids and the fall of Isfahan? Finally, what was the role of Kerman in the crises after the collapse of the Safavids and the fall of Isfahan? The importance and necessity of the research did not focus only on the process of developments in Kerman in the Safavid period, but also tried to analysis the foundations of the crises in Kerman in order to provide a historical critique of the process of developments in Kerman. The findings of the research show that the lack of attention and mismanagement of Isfahan court officials and the failure to send capable rulers and collaborators, the spread of insecurity and religious strictures, led to the political and social decline of Kerman and as a result the downfall of the Safavids and capital city of Isfahan.
Introduction:
Kerman as one of the most extensive provinces of the Safavid era, achieved great prosperity during the middle of the Safavid by Shah Abbas I (kingdom 1596 – 1629) and his great commander and governor of Kerman, Ganj-Alikhan (1596 – 1625); economic development, social prosperity, trade boom, magnificent buildings such as great Bazaar of Kerman also caravanserais and urban public places, political order in the administrative system were among the characteristics of the province. Following the Safavids political decline, economic, social and cultural crises at the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th centuries, Kerman was one of the main provinces and geographical points of Persia / Iran during the decline kingdom and influential in the fall of Isfahan as the capital city of Safavids. Kerman province, which was one of the most extensive and at the same time considered one of the most significant centers of power and wealth until the end of the era of Shah Abbas the great, became main center on the way to fall of Isfahan and the Safavids decline. This process started with Shah Safi (1629 – 1642), which many reasons have had an effect on the role-playing of Kerman.
Methodology
This article tries to answer these questions based on the historical research method in explaining and analysing the data while analysing the effective factors in the political and security developments of Kerman province: What were the economic and political causes of the Kerman crises? What was the role of Kerman and the southeast commercial route in the decline of the Safavids and the fall of Isfahan? Finally, what was the role of Kerman in the crises after the collapse of the Safavids and the fall of Isfahan? The importance and necessity of the research did not focus only on the process of developments in Kerman in the Safavid period, but also tried to analysis the foundations of the crises in Kerman in order to provide a historical critique of the process of developments in Kerman. In order to accurately examine what happened in Kerman in the early 18th century, the study of sources and researches should be based on the historical geography of Kerman and the recognition of its climatic diversity. The province did not have the same size in different periods, but in the Safavid era, its size was greater than all historical periods of Persian / Iranian history.
Results and Discussion
The fields of political, economic and social crises in Kerman at the time of the fall of Isfahan are divided into several parts: 1) The change of land ownership policy, which specifically refers to changing the land acquisition system. Following the administrative changes and the administration system of the states in the era of Shah Abbas's successors, especially due to the results of the implementation of the policy of converting mamālek (public lands) into the public crown lands (royal lands / ḵāleṣa / Amlāk-e ḵāṣṣa). 2) Changing the bureaucratic policy in installing rulers, as a result, instead of the province or the state governor, they handed over the administration of the province to the ministers. 3) Appointing incompetent governors which especially contributed to the decline of political and administrative power of provinces. 4) Social dissatisfaction of nomads, religious ethnics such as Zoroastrians and Sunnis in eastern region of vast province. 5) The insecurity of the eastern borders of Kerman from Makran / Baluchistan to Kandahar. 6) The decline of trade and the loss of trade routes; the southeast trade routes that connected the interior areas of the country to the Indian Ocean, the subcontinent, East Asia, and East Africa from the route of Kerman, Fars and the water body of the Persian Gulf were destroyed due to the widespread presence of insecure thieves and the neglect of the governors. Since the trade roads between India and Iran passed through Kerman, the decline in trade was a direct result of insecurity on the roads. 7) The indifference of the Safavids and local rulers to the economic decline. While economic decline was widespread, taxes were still high, causing discontent among the people, the wealthy, and the manufacturers.
Kerman was exactly on the path of rebellions and seditions of tribal chiefs (local khans) in the east and southeast of Iran. But due to many crises, the local governors of the province could not prevent the Afghan rebellion in the eastern passage of the country. The result of the attack of the Afghans and their tribal :union: was the capture of Kerman and immediately, the fall of Isfahan and the Safavids happened. Although these factors of the province cannot be considered as the most important factor in the decalin of the Safavids, the crises and problems of Kerman, without a serious resistance and prevention, brought the Afghans to Isfahan - the capital city of Persia.
Conclusion
Kerman had a different position in the developments after the fall of the Safavids: the political and economic turmoil after the fall of Isfahan made the political and social situation of Kerman even more critical. Claimants of power in the province were fighting each other. The most important results of the fall of Kerman and Isfahan and the collapse of the Safavids for the people of Kerman are: economic crises such as high prices, famine, destruction of the bazaar, decline of trade, decrease in production; destruction of public urban and road buildings such as caravanserais, roads, bazaars, water reservoirs, etc.; the drying up of aqueducts, the loss of agriculture and the deterioration of villages; social crises such as displacement, migration and population decline; political disorder such as the rule of several rulers at the same time; also, cultural crises. These caused Kerman to remain in ruins until 100 years later in the middle of the 19th century. Finaly the findings of the research show that the lack of attention and mismanagement of Isfahan court officials and the failure to send capable rulers and collaborators, the spread of insecurity and religious strictures, led to the political and social decline of Kerman and as a result the downfall of the Safavids and capital city of Isfahan.
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